Metal forming processes are widely used in many industries: aviation, mechanical engineering, car building, shipbuilding, etc. For example a car at 80-90% is composed of parts received methods of metal forming. By the processes of metal forming processes include hot and cold forging, rolling, precipitation, forging, piercing, drawing, bending, and many others. For individual methods omd include manufacturing processes curved profiles obtained on mills. Despite the very wide application methods forming processes themselves are not yet fully understood, which hinders the development of sustainable technologies that enable optimize the manufacturing process of these products and lower costs to manufacture them. This is primarily due to the complexity of the processes occurring during plastic flow of metal processing metal forming.
Investigation of plastic flow devoted a lot of textbooks, which are derived formulas for the various processes of metal forming. Unfortunately, the theoretical values can be derived only for relatively complex processes and significant assumptions, for example, the processes of bending, drawing, draft and to preparation of simple shape: a flat square sheet, cylinder, round shape. When applying more than pieces complex shapes and use more modern methods of metal forming these formulas no longer work or give an error and can not be applied to the design of optimal technology. Used in the theory of forming a variety of approximate methods are complicated to use and require a careful approach in their application. Solution to this problem is to use software based on finite element method. Most popular in their area – this program LS-DYNA. The program is designed for calculations bystrotekuchih, dynamic problems in physics and processes with high nonlinearity, and is very well suited for solving problems of metal forming, as for plastic deformation in metal forming processes has significant non-linearity and bystoprotekaemo.
LS-DYNA allows you to simulate almost all the processes of metal forming, ranging from simple bending or rain harvesting ending with the deformation of multilayer materials or deformation of the explosion. Moreover, in contrast to theoretical calculations, where there are significant limitations on the size and shape of pieces here are no restrictions on the size and forms. This is due to the fact that the calculation of the finite-element model of a split piece of any complexity on the basic elements (triangles, pyramids, rectangles, etc.). Thus, much extend the scope of this program. Simulation of metal forming processes in the program LS-DYNA allows you to define all the necessary parameters: the stress-strain state at any point of detail and a deformable tool in any given time, and energy parameters of the process, the values of the forces and moments, normal and tangential forces, the contact parameters of the process and another, which is necessary for the development of optimal process and for deeper analysis and understanding of the processes occurring in the workpiece during plastic deformation of metal. The main difficulties in modeling the program LS-DYNA is the presence of a significant number various menus and settings needed for input, which requires a very high preparation and understanding of the process and the need for high-performance computers to perform them.
Fashionable nowadays the word "gadget" (English gadget – accessory) is usually associated with cell phones, laptop computers, cameras and other mobile devices. With this gadget as it is contrasted Other household equipment and specialized equipment for the home, which is considered less "advanced". In reality, these devices have no lesser functionality, astonishing level of its users "Development". Electronic economists One of the fundamental functions of the "home" is saving gadgets. This is understandable: if your phone or camera consumes very little energy, large household appliances need a regular "feeding." In order to reduce its level units are fitted with different functions. For example, many modern refrigerators have a regime of "holiday", which is included before departure.
In this case, the device will consume less electricity. Even more promising is as an opportunity to save not only on the "ad hoc", but always within the framework of the current work. Thus, air conditioners are among some of the most energy-intensive appliances. The most rational of them are models with inverter control. This air conditioner can, if necessary, depending on the needs in the cold, self-reducing or increase the amount of rotation of the compressor, and therefore – the power output device. As a result, such models save electricity.
Such a feature is implemented, in particular, in one series of air conditioners daikin. Power consumption of conventional air conditioners, depending on climatic conditions, is 10-15 kWh per day. Gauges same number of Sky Super Inverter consume from 6.5 to 9.4 kWh / day.